Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a versatile platform for a broad range of applications in pharmaceutical industries. These reactors harness hollow fibers as the primary membrane to facilitate selective permeability between compartments. The unique design of hollow fiber membranes enables high surface area per unit volume, leading to enhan

PVDF membrane bioreactors have become a significant technology for wastewater treatment. These units offer several benefits, including high removal rates of chemical pollutants, less sludge production, and improved water quality. Moreover, PVDF membranes are known for their stability, making them appropriate for long-term functioning. To assess the